| Kanji | Hiragana | Mean |
| 出会う | であう | To meet (by chance), To come across, to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.) |
| ～的 | ～てき | -ical, -ive, -al, -ic, -y,-like, -ish, -sort of, -kind of,-wise |
| 声かけ | こえかけ | saying something (to someone); greeting; approaching (someone) |
| 親しい | したしい | close (e.g. friend); familiar; friendly; intimate,close (relatives); closely related |
| 表す | あらわす | To represent, To signify, To stand for, To show |
| 四季 | しき | The four seasons (Japan) |
| 移り変わり | うつりかわり | Change (e.g. season) |
| 明白 | めいはく | Obvious, Clear |
| 気候 | きこう | Climate |
| 共通 | きょうつう | Common, Shared, Mutual |
| 話題 | わだい | Topic, Subject |
| きっかけ | きっかけ | Chance, Start, Excuse, Motive, Occasion |
| コントロール | こんとろーる | Control |
| 役割 | やくわり | Part, Assigning (allotment of) parts, Role, Duties |
| なるべく | なるべく | As (much) as possible, As (much) as one can, If possible |
| 立ち話 | たちばなし | Talking while standing, Standing around talking |
| 知り合い | しりあい | Acquaintance |
| コミュニケーションツール | こみゅにけーしょんつーる | Communication |
1
のように・のような
のように・のような
like, such as
Quotation from the text:
よく「暑いですね」「いいお天気ですね」のような挨拶的な声かけをする ことがあります。
There are time when the Japanese make greetings such as "It's hot, right?", "The weather is nice , isn't it?"
Connection:
《N＋のように・のような》
※N: noun
Meaning・Usage:
✓「のように・のような」is used to explain or make clear for the word with an example that is familiar to everyone.
例：東京のような都会は交通が便利です。
Eg.: In big cities like Tokyo, the traffic is convenient.
→ In this example, "Tokyo" is familiar and it is used as an example to explain "big city-都会"
✓ In the text, 「暑いですね」and「いいお天気ですね」are examples used to explain "making greetings-挨拶的な声かけ"
✓ If the example(s) is used to explain for a noun,「のような」is applied.
✓ If the example(s) is used to explain for a verb or an adjective,「のように」is applied.
例1：彼女はお母さんのようにやさしい。
She is tender like a mother.
→「やさしい」is an い-adj, so 「のように」is applied.
例2：鈴木さんはファッションモデルのように格好いい。
Ms. Suzuki is cool like a fashion model.
→ "格好いい" is an い-adj , so「のように」is applied.
例3：あのロボットは人間のように 手足が動いている。
That robot moves its hands and legs like a human being.
→ "動いている" is a Verb , so「のように」is applied.
よく「暑いですね」「いいお天気ですね」のような挨拶的な声かけをする ことがあります。
There are time when the Japanese make greetings such as "It's hot, right?", "The weather is nice , isn't it?"
Connection:
《N＋のように・のような》
※N: noun
Meaning・Usage:
✓「のように・のような」is used to explain or make clear for the word with an example that is familiar to everyone.
例：東京のような都会は交通が便利です。
Eg.: In big cities like Tokyo, the traffic is convenient.
→ In this example, "Tokyo" is familiar and it is used as an example to explain "big city-都会"
✓ In the text, 「暑いですね」and「いいお天気ですね」are examples used to explain "making greetings-挨拶的な声かけ"
✓ If the example(s) is used to explain for a noun,「のような」is applied.
✓ If the example(s) is used to explain for a verb or an adjective,「のように」is applied.
例1：彼女はお母さんのようにやさしい。
She is tender like a mother.
→「やさしい」is an い-adj, so 「のように」is applied.
例2：鈴木さんはファッションモデルのように格好いい。
Ms. Suzuki is cool like a fashion model.
→ "格好いい" is an い-adj , so「のように」is applied.
例3：あのロボットは人間のように 手足が動いている。
That robot moves its hands and legs like a human being.
→ "動いている" is a Verb , so「のように」is applied.
-
私はウィスキーのような強いお酒は飲めません。
→ "強いお酒" は名詞なので 、「のような」を使います。I can't drink strong liquors such as whiskey.
→強いお酒 is a Noun phrase, so「のような」is applied. -
先生はとてもやさしいです。私は先生のような人と結婚したいです。
→ "人" は名詞なので 、「のような」を使います。The teacher is very gentle. I want to get married to a person like her/her.
→人 is a N , so「のような」is applied. -
彼のように上手に英語を話したいです。
→ "（上手に英語を）話したい" はV-たい形なので 、「のように」を使います。I want to speak English fluently like him.
→(上手に英語を)話したい is a V-たいform , so「のように」is applied. -
彼は魚のように速く泳ぐことができます。
→ "（速く）泳ぐ" は動詞なので 、「のように」を使います。He can swim fast like a fish.
→ （速く）泳ぐ is a V, so「のように」is applied.
2
ことがある
ことがある
Sometimes,
There are times when...
Quotation from the text:
よく「暑いですね」「いいお天気ですね」のような挨拶的な声かけをすることがあります。
There are times when the Japanese make greetings such as "It's hot, right?", "The weather is nice , isn't it?"
Connection:
《V-dictionary form ＋ことがある》
《V-ない form ＋ことがある》
Meaning・Usage:
✓ It expresses the meaning as "Sometimes that happens"
例1：私たちのサッカーチームは負けることがある。
（勝つことが多い）
Eg.1: Our soccer team may lose, sometimes.
(It means "our team often wins")
例2：仕事が忙しくて、家に帰れないことがあります。
（家に帰ることが多い）
Eg.2: I'm busy with work, so sometimes I can't go home.
(It means "I often go home")
✓ This pattern can't be used for frequent number of times.
例：（×Incorrect）私は毎日ジョギングをすることがあります。
Eg.2: (×Incorrect) Sometimes, I go jogging in every morning.
✓ If it contains the meaning "also", partical 「が」is used in place of 「も」. 「ことがある」means "there is less number of times".
よく「暑いですね」「いいお天気ですね」のような挨拶的な声かけをすることがあります。
There are times when the Japanese make greetings such as "It's hot, right?", "The weather is nice , isn't it?"
Connection:
《V-dictionary form ＋ことがある》
《V-ない form ＋ことがある》
Meaning・Usage:
✓ It expresses the meaning as "Sometimes that happens"
例1：私たちのサッカーチームは負けることがある。
（勝つことが多い）
Eg.1: Our soccer team may lose, sometimes.
(It means "our team often wins")
例2：仕事が忙しくて、家に帰れないことがあります。
（家に帰ることが多い）
Eg.2: I'm busy with work, so sometimes I can't go home.
(It means "I often go home")
✓ This pattern can't be used for frequent number of times.
例：（×Incorrect）私は毎日ジョギングをすることがあります。
Eg.2: (×Incorrect) Sometimes, I go jogging in every morning.
✓ If it contains the meaning "also", partical 「が」is used in place of 「も」. 「ことがある」means "there is less number of times".
-
私はときどきアメリカに出張することがある。
Sometimes I go on a business trip to the US.
-
私たちは恋人同士ですが、けんかをすることもあります。
We are couple but we quarrel sometimes.
-
最近ストレスがたまって、よく寝られないことがあります。
My stress has piled up recently, so sometimes I can't sleep well.
-
一人暮らしをしていると、一日中話さないこともある。
As I live alone, sometimes I don't talk all day long.
3
決して～ない
決して～ない
never, definitely not, by no means
Quotation from the text:
これは、決して「暑いかどうか」「いい天気かどうか」を本当に質問したくて聞いているのではありません。
This is by no means the Japanese really want to ask "if it is hot or not" or " "whether the weather is nice".
Meaning・Usage:
✓「決して～ない」is used to emphasize strong feelings (strong wills) or acts should not be done (probibitions).
✓ Negative form （「～ません」「～ない」）is used in the following sentence.
これは、決して「暑いかどうか」「いい天気かどうか」を本当に質問したくて聞いているのではありません。
This is by no means the Japanese really want to ask "if it is hot or not" or " "whether the weather is nice".
Meaning・Usage:
✓「決して～ない」is used to emphasize strong feelings (strong wills) or acts should not be done (probibitions).
✓ Negative form （「～ません」「～ない」）is used in the following sentence.
-
あなたのことは決して忘れません。（意志）
I will never forget you.
(strong will) -
もう決してお酒は飲まない。（意志）
I will never drink alcohol anymore.
(strong will) -
この部屋には決して入ってはいけません。（禁止）
(You must) Never enter this room!
(probibition) -
知らない相手から来たメールは決して開いてはならない。（禁止）
(You must) Never open a mail from someone you don't know.
4
ように思う
ように思う
I think, It seems, It appears
Quotation from the text:
いつでも話せる天気の話は会話をコントロールする役割もあるように思います。
I think the topic about weather, which can be talked about anytime, also has a role to control the conversations.
Connection:
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ように思います」is a form that「思います」is attached after「plain form＋ようです」introduced in the beginner level. It is used to indicate a judgement based on what you have seen, read, heard or told. It is also used to express the meaning of "I'm not sure, but I think..."
✓「ように思います」implies the "unsure, uncertain" feeling stronger than「ようです」
✓「ように思います」contains the meaning of "I think that", but it can't be used for the case of "Every one thinks that"
いつでも話せる天気の話は会話をコントロールする役割もあるように思います。
I think the topic about weather, which can be talked about anytime, also has a role to control the conversations.
Connection:
| (plain form) V | ＋ ように思う |
| (plain form) い-adj | |
| (plain form)な-adj | |
| (plain form) N ＋ の |
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ように思います」is a form that「思います」is attached after「plain form＋ようです」introduced in the beginner level. It is used to indicate a judgement based on what you have seen, read, heard or told. It is also used to express the meaning of "I'm not sure, but I think..."
✓「ように思います」implies the "unsure, uncertain" feeling stronger than「ようです」
✓「ように思います」contains the meaning of "I think that", but it can't be used for the case of "Every one thinks that"
-
何だか今日は花粉がたくさん飛んでいるように思います。
I think there is a lot of pollen (flying) in the air today.
-
山田さんがUFOを見たという話は本当のように思います。
I think the story that Yamada saw UFO is true.
-
どうして？と聞かれると困りますが、私は鈴木さんが今年中に結婚するように思います。
If you ask me "Why", I could not answer, but I think that Susuki will get married this year.
5
ところで
ところで
By the way
Quotation from the text:
「そうですね。ところで、どちらへお出かけですか。」
"That's true. By the way, where are you going?"
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ところで」is a conjunction used to connect sentences. It is used when you want to change to another topic, or when you want to add something else to the topic.
✓「ところで」has different meaning from「V-た form+ところで」, which means "Right after something has just finished, the next thing happens"
例：料理ができたところで、塩を入れるのを忘れたことに気がつきました。
Eg.: Right after I just finished my cooking, then I realized that I forgot to add salt.
「そうですね。ところで、どちらへお出かけですか。」
"That's true. By the way, where are you going?"
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ところで」is a conjunction used to connect sentences. It is used when you want to change to another topic, or when you want to add something else to the topic.
✓「ところで」has different meaning from「V-た form+ところで」, which means "Right after something has just finished, the next thing happens"
例：料理ができたところで、塩を入れるのを忘れたことに気がつきました。
Eg.: Right after I just finished my cooking, then I realized that I forgot to add salt.
-
やっと仕事が終わりましたね。ところで、週末は何をしますか。
Finally, our work is done. By the way, what will you do on the weekend?
-
今日は暑いですね。ところで、ご家族はお元気ですか。
It's hot today. By the way, how is your family.
-
今日の授業は難しかった。ところで、昼ご飯は何を食べようか。
Today's lesson was difficult. By the way, what will you have for lunch?
6
ことになる
ことになる
It has been decided that...;
It turns out that...;
It will lead to...
Quotation from the text:
「そうですね。ところで、どちらへお出かけですか。」と次の会話に進むことになります。
It leads to proceed to the next conversation: "That's true. By the way, where are you going?"
Connection:
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ことになる」is used to express that something has been decided or determined in the future.
✓ In「ことになる」, it is clear about who makes decisions and who operates it.
However, in「ことになる」, the important is not "who decides and who operates", but the process/consequence of decision is.
「そうですね。ところで、どちらへお出かけですか。」と次の会話に進むことになります。
It leads to proceed to the next conversation: "That's true. By the way, where are you going?"
Connection:
| V (dictionary form, ないform) | ＋ ことになる |
| N |
Meaning・Usage:
✓「ことになる」is used to express that something has been decided or determined in the future.
✓ In「ことになる」, it is clear about who makes decisions and who operates it.
However, in「ことになる」, the important is not "who decides and who operates", but the process/consequence of decision is.
-
４月から、大阪へ転勤することになりました。
It has been decided that from April, I will be transferred to Osaka.
-
お金がないので、結婚式のパーティーはしないことになりそうです。
Because I don't have money, I'm not having a wedding party.
-
クラスの話し合いで、卒業旅行はハワイということになった。
After the class discussion, the graduation trip was decided to Hawaii.
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